Nobody+Remembers+Everything

__ I ____ TIMETABLE PROJECT: ____ I __ National Association of Artists' Organizations VINCE LEO Minneapolis, August 1990

__ I __ __ TIMETABLE KEY __ __ I __ INDIVIDUAL __ Group or Organization __ ARTWORK, PUBLICATlON, OR OTHER CULTURAL EVENT Geographic location The ordering of events within a single year is approximate.

1905 __A group of socialists and trade unionists meet in__ __Chicago__ __and organize the [|Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)]. Based on principles of class conflict and on-the-job ac­tions, the__ IWW __recruits unskilled workers, immigrants, non-whites, women, and migrant workers into what they hope will become "one big union."__ __ The __Niagara Movement-a __committee of African Americans led by W.E.B. DU BOIS­ demands the abolition of all laws that promote racial discrimination. __ __ 1906 __ Race riots in Atlanta, GA leave 21 dead. Martial law is declared. The first major sitdown strike in the U.S. is called by the __IWW__ against __General Electric__ in Schenectady, NY. Montgomery, AL passes the first segregationist n Jim Crow" streetcar law. 1908 __Attorney General CHARLES BONAPARTE hires nine former secret- service agents to form a permanent__ Bureau of Investigation (BI)__.__ __[|The Eight], a group of painters led by ROBERT HENRI who had been consistently refused exhibition space because of their interest in the urban "underclass," hold a show at __MacBeth Gallery__, New York City. __ The Society for the Prevention of Crime __ is formed and succeeds in banning" immoral" movies and Sunday screenings. __ __  1 9 0 9  __ The __IWW__ publishes the  LITTLE RED SONGBOOK  "to fan the flames of discontent. N Uprising of the 20,000: female garment workers strike in New York City. After the town council in Fresno, CA passes a law forbidding the __IWW__ from holding public meetings, union members and sympathizers make speeches in such numbers that the jails fill up and the city relents. The first in a series of "free speech battles." In the wake of a violent riot in which over 2,000 African-American residents are driven from Springfield, IL,  the __National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)__ is founded. SOLIDARITY, the official publication of the __IWW__, is established in Pittsburg, PA. The entire staff is arrested immediately. 1910 __In an amendment to the Immigration Act, anarchists are forbidden by law to enter the__ __U.S.__ __ The first issue of THE CRISIS is produced by W.E.B. DU BOIS, the __NAACP__'s director of publicity and research.__ __ 1911  __ The Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire kills 147 workers locked in by their New York City employer. THE MASSES, a socialist magazine, is founded. It regularly publishes illustrations and articles by JOHN SLOAN, ART YOUNG, LOUIS UNTERMEYER, and MARY HEATON VORSE. The __Carnegie Foundation for Charitable and Scholarly Endeavors__ is established by ANDREW CARNEGIE. The __Urban League__ is founded in New York City. The __Society of American Indians__, dedicated to pan-Indianism and American citizen­ ship for Indians, is organized. The __Ferrer__ __Center__, an anarchist organization, is organized in New York City. EMMA GOLDMAN, one of the group's founders, persuades ROBERT HENRI to teach painting in the educational wing of the center, known as the __Modern__ __School____.__ 1912 __The__ Association of American Painters and Sculptors (AAPS) __is formed in__ __New York City__ __to promote new art and new organizations of artists.__ __ The U.S. invades Nicaragua. __ __ MAN RAY attends __Ferrer Center __art classes.__ __ The __IWW __leads a successful "Bread and Roses" textile-workers strike in Lawrence, MA.  __ __ Rrst appearance of __IWW __artist ERNEST RIEBE's comic strip MR. BLOCK. __ __ Th __e IWW __holds an integrated convention in Alexandria, LA, purposely breaking Jim Crow laws. __ __ 1913  __ KATHERINE DREIER establishes the __Cooperative Mural Workshops__ in New York City and dedicates it to working-class cultural revival. In Washington, DC, 5,000 suffragists are attacked by onlookers as they march demanding a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.

The __IWW__ organizes the PATTERSON PAGEANT in New York City in which 1,500 striking Patterson textile workers perform a play written by JOHN REED. The audience numbers over 15,000. The __AAPS__ organizes the ARMORY SHOW, introducing such artists as MARCEL DU­ CHAMP, ROBERT HENRI, and PABLO PICASSO to the American mass audience. The __Wilson Administration__ approves racial segregation of the __Post Office__, the __Bureau of Engraving__, the __Census Bureau__, and the __Treasury__. MARGARET SANGER's FAMILY LIMITATION, a birth-control manual, is published by IWW-member BILL SHATOFF. __ Ridgefield Colony __, a summer retreat for members of the __Ferrer__ __Center__, is founded in New Jersey. The term "lunatic fringe" is coined by THEODORE ROOSEVELT when he observes in a letter that groups with whom he associated" have always developed among their mem­ bers a large lunatic fringe." 1 91 4 __ROBERT HENRI's students at the__ Ferrer Center __include MOSES SOYER, BEN BENN, ROCK­ WELL KENT, and JOHN SLOAN.__ The Free Theater __ is established at the __Ferrer Center__.__ __ The __National Birth Control League __is founded by MARGARET SANGER.__ __ ISADORA DUNCAN teaches dance to working~lass girls at the __Cooperative Mural Work­ shops__.__ __ JOHN SLOAN creates CLASS WAR IN COLORADO, a cover illustration for THE MASSES. __ __ U.S. troops land in Vera Cruz, Mexico. __ __ MAN RAY designs covers for MOTHER EARTH, an anarchist publication edited by EMMA GOLDMAN and ALEXANDER BERKMAN. Later that year its publication is repressed by the U.S. government. __ __ Thirteen women and children are killed in the Ludlow Massacre after JOHN D. ROCK­ EFELLER and Colorado Governor ELIAS AMMONS order National Guardsmen [|how to get a six pack] to fire machine guns into striking miners' tents setting fire to the camp. __ __ 1915 __ MARCEL DUCHAMP meets MAN RAY at the __Ridgefield Colony__. MAN RAY self-publishes THE RIDGEFIELD GAZOOK, a proto-dadaist periodical. JOHN WEICHSEL organizes the __People's Art Guild__ in New York City. The __Taos Society of Artists (TSA)__ holds its first meeting in New Mexico. The group specializes in Western views and "Indian painting." JOE HILL, __IWW__ songwriter and organizer, is framed and executed by Utah authorities. The __Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-__inspired in part by the D.W. GRIFFITH film THE CLANSMAN, later retitled THE BIRTH OF A NATION-reorganizes after being granted a charter by the State of Georgia. THEODORE DREISER's novel THE GENIUS is [|Royal1688] suppressed. 1916 The Provincetown Players __, including EUGENE O'NEILL, FLOYD DELL, SUSAN GLASPEL, and STELLA BALLANTYNE, emerges from the __Ferrer Center Free Theater__.__ __ The first birt~ontrol clinic is opened by MARGARET SANGER, FANIA MINDELL, and ETHEL BURNE in New York City. __ __ JOHN SLOAN resigns from THE MASSES because of an inflexible editorial policy making captions mandatory for all illustrations. __ __ The U.S. invades the Dominican Republic. __ __ 191 7 __ LEON TROTSKY attends ROBERT HENRI's painting classes at the __Ferrer Center__. U.S. Attorney General THOMAS GREGORY sponsors the __American Protective League__, an organization of 250,000 members who inform on "spies and radicals." Protesting the __National__ __Academy__'s exhibitions policy, JOHN SLOAN organizes the __Society of Independents__, whose first exhibition is unjuried and hung in alphabetical order. MARCEL DUCHAMP, a founding member of the __Society__, resigns after his piece FOUNTAIN, signed "R. Mutt," is rejected. The __People's Art Guild__ exhibits 300 works by 89 artists in the offices of the NEW YORK JEWISH DAIL Y FORWARD; included are ROBERT HENRI, JOHN MARIN, MARSDEN HARTEY, and CHARLES DEMUTH. The U.S. enters World War I.

The Espionage Act is passed, providing for the imprisonment of anyone impeding the war effort. The __Supreme Court__ approves the eight-hour workday under threat of a national rail­ way strike. __ Committee on Public Information __ is created by executive order to control news and issue propaganda in the U.S. Federal agents, prompted by the __IWW__'s anti-war activities, raid the union's headquar­ ters in 24 U.S. cities [|คาสิโนออนไลน์]. The __U.S. Postal Service__ effectively shuts down THE MASSES by withdrawing its mai~ ing privileges. 1918 __The Sedition Act is passed by__ Congress__. It forbids speaking out against the war ef­ fort, the American form of government, the CONSTITUTION, or the U.S. FLAG. __ __ Due to constant harassment and arrests for radical activities, the __Ferrer Center __and the__ Modern School __are forced to close down New York City operations. __ __ With the financial backing of GLORIA VANDERBILT WHITNEY, the __Whitney Studio Club __is founded in New York City as an artist co-op to provide for exhibition possibilities. __ __ The __TSA __is commissioned by the__ U.S. Army __to execute "range finder" paintings used by army training camps to instruct soldiers in estimating distances.__ __ Early chapters of JAMES JOYCE's UL YSSES, published in the LITTLE REVIEW, are burned by the __U.S. Post Office__.__ __ JAMES LARKIN, __IWW __leader, and EUGENE DEBS,__ Socialist Party __leader, are imprisoned under the Espionage Act. Ninety five other__ IWW __organizers are sent to prison for up to 20 years each.__ __ QUANAH PARKER, a __Comanche __chief, founds the__ Native American Church __in Ok­ lahoma to protect the ritual use of peyote. __ __ \NW I ends. __ __ The Federal Child Labor Law is declared unconstitutional. __ __ Troops from the U.S., Great Britain, Italy, and Canada invade the U.S.S.R. in an attempt to topple the Bolshevik government. __ __ 1919  __ MAN RAY publishes the proto-dadaist TNT, a "tirade against industrialists and the ex­ ploitation of workers. " J. EDGAR HOOVER becomes Special Assistant to the Attorney General in charge of counter-radical activities in the __General Intelligence Division__. The __American Legion__ is formed in Paris. The __League of Nations__ is formed; the U.S.  refuses to participate. An actors' strike demanding recognition of the __Actors' Equity Association__ closes theaters in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The union is even­ tually recognized. New York State public school teachers are made subject to dismissal for member­ ship in radical organizations. The __Women's Intern,ational League for Peace and Freedom__ is founded. Race riots break out in over two dozen American cities, climaxing in Phillips County, AR where over 200 African Americans are killed by white mobs. 1920 __Planned to coincide with the second anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, a series of "Red Raids" on radical organizations is staged by federal agents. Over 10,000 people in 23 cities are arrested in one night.__ __ After decades of struggle, the 19th Amendment, providing for women's suffrage, is ratified. __ __ KATHERINE DREIER and MARCEL DUCHAMP form the __Societe Anonyme__, an international permanent collection of modern art.__ __ 1921  __ NICOLA SACCO and BARTOLOMEO VANZETTI, two anarchists, are convicted on scanty evi­ dence of murdering a paymaster. They are executed in 1927. JOHN SLOAN becomes an associate member of TSA. The __Chicago No-Jury Society__ is founded to exhibit all artists in the Great Lakes region. 1923 __The__ TSA __claims record profits for its members, selling paintings throughout its__  __U.S.__  __"circuit" of 13 cities.__ __ Oklahoma  is placed under martial law because of the terrorist activities of the __KKK. __ Twelve castmembers of SHOLEM ASCH's play GOD OF VENGEANCE are arrested at the __Apollo Theater __for immoral behavior.__ __ The term "modernist" is used to oppose that of "fundamentalist" in the debate con­ cerning the theory of evolution. __ __ The __Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau __is opened by MARGARET SANGER to dis­ pense birth control information.__ __ The Minimum Wage Law is ruled unconstitutional. __ __ 1924  __ The __Chicago Society for Human Rights__ is organized to press for homosexual rights. EUGENE O'NEILL's ALL GOD'S CHILL UN GOT WINGS, a play about a racially mixed couple, starring PAUL ROBESON, opens at the __Provincetown Playhouse__. All native-born Indians are granted American citizenship. The __Universal Negro Improvement Association__ is founded by MARCUS GARVEY. It advocates the return of African Americans to Africa. 1925 __Forty-thousand white-robed__ Ku Klux Klansmen __march down__ __Pennsylvania Avenue__ __in__ __Washington____,__ __DC____.__ __ The __Socialist League for Industrial Democracy __forms out of the__ Intercollegiate Socialist Society__. JOHN DEWEY serves as president.__ __ The __John Simon Guggenheim Fellowships __are established.__ __ JOHN SCOPES is convicted and fined $100 for teaching the theory of evolution in Day­ ton, TN. __ __ The U.S. invades Nicaragua. An occupation force remains until 1933. __ __ 1926  __ The __Dramatists' Guild__ is organized by playwrights as part of the __Authors' Guild__. The __Harmon Foundation__ begins the first in a series of annual exhibitions of African­ American artists. The __Book-of-the-Month Club__ is organized and within a year claims 40,000 members. 1 9 2 7 __The TSA disbands as the demand for Western art fades.__ __ The __Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences __is organized to present annual awards for noteworthy achievement in the motion picture industry.__ __ 1928  __ The __Whitney Studio Galleries__ is formed from the __Whitney Studio Club__. 1929 __The__ Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) __is conceived by three wealthy collectors-MRS.__ __ JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, MRS. CORNELIUS J. SULLIVAN, and LILLIE P. BLISS. __ __ The __Birth Control Clinical Research Center __is raided by New York City police on a complaint by the__ Daughters of the American Revolution__. The case is later thrown out of court.__ __ STRANGE INTERLUDE  by EUGENE O'NEILL is banned in Boston. The __Theater Guild __moves the play to nearby Quincy, where it quickly sells out.__ __ Black Tuesday stock market crash signals the beginning of the Great Depression. __John Reed Clubs __form in Chicago, Boston, Detroit, Newark, Seattle, Portland, and Philadelphia as a consequence of the__ Union of Writers and Artists __gathering in Kharkov, U.S.S.R. It emphasizes "art as a social weapon."__ __ 1 9 3 0  __ The __Rim and Photo League__, as a volunteer arm of the __Workers' International Re­__ lief, is founded to supply photographs and newsreel footage to workers' publications and organizations. Chapters are located in New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Philadelphia. Copies of ULYSSES, en route to a potential American publisher, are seized by __U.S. Post Office__ officials. All works by LEON TROTSKY are banned in Boston. 1931 __ELIJAH MUHAMMAD forms the__ Nation of Islam__, better known as the__ Black Muslims__.__ __ The __Gibson Committee __is formed by wealthy private citizens to provide artists with time to paint in exchange for farmwork.__ __ The __Whitney Museum of American Art __opens. With the exception of its director, JULIA FORCE, the staff is made up entirely of artists.__ __ The trial of the Scottsboro Boys, nine African-American boys accused of raping two white women, begins. It focuses attention on the racist bias of the court system. __ __ 1932  __ Unemployment in the U.S. reaches 13 million.

The __Highlander Folk School__ is established near Chattanooga, TN. The first art exhibit of the __John Reed Clubs__-THE SOCIAL VIEWPOINT IN ART­ opens in New York City. The __College Art Association__ works with the City of New York to employ artists cleaning statues. 1933 __DIEGO RIVERA's mural PORTRAIT OF AMERICA, commissioned for Rockefeller Center, is covered over because it includes a portrait of LENIN.__ __ The __Public Works of Art Project (PWAP) __is created to commission architects and ar­ tists to design and decorate U.S. public buildings. Within one year 4,000 artists are employed.__ __ Federal Judge JOHN WOOLSEY lifts the ban on ULYSSES. __ __ The __Artists Union __is formed to act as a bargaining agent for artists working on govern­ ment projects. Chapters are organized in 16 cities.__ __ 1934  __ The __PWAP__ is accused of "communist tendencies" because murals in the COlT TOWER,   San Francisco,  include pictures of MARX's DAS KAPITAL and ofthe WEST­ ERN WORKER and the DAIL Y WORKER, two radical labor newspapers. Catholic bishops found the __Legion of Decency__, whose moral ratings of movies is backed up by boycotts. PAUL CADMUS's FLEET'S IN, a painting of sailors fraternizing with prostitutes, is with­ drawn from public display by the __Corcoran Gallery__ at the request of the U.S. government. The __Artists Union__ along with the __Artists Committee of Action__ begin publication of ART FRONT; writers include ELIZABETH MCCAUSLAND, HAROLD ROSENBERG, MEYER SHAPIRO, and KENNETH REXROTH. 1935 Congress __ establishes the __Works Progress Administration (WPA)__, funding the__ Fed­ eral Art Project (FAP)__, the__ Federal Music Project (FMP)__, the__ Federal Theater Project (FTP)__, and the__ Federal Writers Project (FWP)__.__ Alcoholics Anonymous __ is organized in New York City. __ __ The __General Federation of Women's Clubs __endorses a federal ruling to allow birth control literature to be delivered by mail.__ Living Newspaper __, a current-events documentary theater, tours the U.S. as part of the __FTP__. Early segments include INJUNCTION GRANTED  and  ETHIOPIA. __ __ The __81 __changes its name to the__ Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)__.__ on, until 1943. The Harlem Artists Guild __ forms to insure African-American participation in the __WPA__.__ John Reed Clubs __disband and reorganize as the__ American Writers' League __and__ American Artists' Congress__.__ __ The __Community Art Centers __program is begun by the__ WPA__. Eventually there are over 100 art centers, many of which are constructed by __WPA __workers and staffed by__ FAP __personnel who teach, curate, and create work.__ __ 1936  __ The [|Indian Arts and Crafts Board] is established by the U.S. government to recog­ nize Native American culture. The __WPA__ organizes INDEX OF AMERICAN DESIGN  to collect and disseminate ideas and works in the "popular arts." __ Artists Union __ conventions in the East and Midwest draw thousands of participants. They demand a permanent __Federal Art Project__ and vote to protest fascism by boy­ cotting the OL YMPIC ART EXHIBITION  held in conjunction with the  BERLIN OL YMPIC GAMES. One year after its inception, the __WPA__'s arts projects employ 40,000 artists in public service projects nationwide. 1937 __In a__  __Flint____, MI__  __sitdown strike,__ __48,000__ __workers occupy a__ GM __plant for__ __44__ __days and es­ tablish the__ United Auto Workers __as their official bargaining agent.__ __ The __Farm Securities Administration (FSA) __is established. Its photographic arm will employ, among others, WALKER EVANS, DOROTHEA LANGE, MARION POST WOLCOn, and ARTHUR ROTHSTEIN. __ WPA __ PROJECT #891's production of MARC BLlTZSTEIN's THE CRADLE WILL ROCK is censored by the __WPA__. ORSON WELLES and JOHN HOUSEMAN leave__ FTP __and form the__ Mercury Theater__.__ __ The group __American Abstract Artists __forms in New York City; it is dedicated to ab­ straction as an antidote to nationalism and regionalism. __ __ Ten strikers are shot dead by police in the Memorial Day Massacre at Chicago's Re­ public Steel Plant. __ Congress __ reduces funds to the __WPA __by 25 percent. Union artists protest cuts and thousands go on strike. They are all either given pink slips or docked pay.__ __ PINS AND NEEDLES,  a play by a group of garment workers calling themselves __Labor Stage__, breaks attendance records for musical comedies in New York City. __ __ The __Artists Union __becomes__ CIO Local 60 of the United Office and Professional Workers of America__, changing its name to__ United American Artists __and including the__ Commerical Artists' and Designers' Union __and the__ Cartoonists' Guild__.__ __ 193 8  __ The __Artists Union__ opens its own gallery in Chicago. The __House Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities (HUAC)__ is created by __Congress__. It immediately attacks the __WPA__, calling it "a hotbed of radicalism." __ FTP __ units in 11  cities stage __Living Newspaper__'s ONE THIRD OF A NATION, a graphic presentation of poor housing conditions in the U.S. During the play critics of the New Deal are quoted directly from the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. 1939  __CHANGING NEW YORK,__  __a documentary project by BERENICE ABBOTI's__ WPA __team, is published by__ Dutton__.__ __ In a move designed to decrease domestic deficit financing and quiet accusations of com­ munism and socialism leveled at the New Deal, 8,000 __ WPA __ personnel are laid off. __ __ Sitdown strikes are declared illegal by the __U.S. Supreme Court__.__ __ The __House Appropriations Committee __forbids the use of federal funds for theater activities, abruptly ending the__ FTP__.__ __ The __FBI __is given the permanent assignment of safeguarding the internal security of the U.S. __ __ HARLEM DOCUMENT,  a documentary project by the __Photo League__, is exhibited at the SAN FRANCISCO WORLD'S FAIR. __ __ The Relief Bill of 1940 barely passes __Congress__. It requires a loyalty oath of__ FAP __ar­ tists and specifically excludes communists from the program.__ __ 1 9 4 0_  __ FAP __ artist AUGUST HENKEL, who tells a reporter" as an artist, I'm a good bricklayer," refuses to sign the loyalty oath in the __FAP __contract. His murals at Brooklyn's Floyd Bennet Airport are taken down and destroyed.__ __ The __Lucy Flower Technical School __in Chicago plasters over the__ FAP __mural WOMAN'S CONTRIBUTION TO AMERICAN PROGRESS by EDWARD MILLMAN.__ __ STUART DAVIS and MEYER SHAPIRO lead 30 other artists and critics who withdraw from the __American Artists' Congress __because it will not condemn the U.S.S.R.'s inva­ sion of Finland. They form the__ Federation of American Painters and Sculptors __to promote "the welfare of free and progressive art in America. "__ __ 1941_  Pearl Harbor is bombed. The U.S. declares war on Japan. Germany and Italy de­ clare war on the U.S. __ __ The chief of the __Army Corps of Engineers __endorses a plan for defense-related art projects using some__ WPA __artists.__ __ ANGELA CALOMIRIS is recruited by the __FBI __to infiltrate the__ Photo League__.__ __ The total number of degrees conferred by U.S. colleges in the fine and applied arts is 3,428. __ __ 1942_  The __Birth Control Federation of America __becomes the__ Planned Parenthood Fed­ eration of America__.__ __ LEE KRASNER heads a WPA team that includes JACKSON POLLOCK and BEN BENN. It makes window displays advertising war-training courses in New York colleges. __ __ The __Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) __is founded in Chicago, where it stages a series of restaurant sit-ins protesting segregation.__ __ 1943  __ All funding for the __WPA__ stops, abolished by executive order. ARSHILE GORKY's murals in Newark Airport "disappear" when the __U.S. Army__ takes over administration of the site.
 * JACKSON POLLOCK joins the easel division of the WPA__, where he is employed, off and__ || • ||

Lacking dues-paying members, __United American Artists__ is forced to disband. A new group, the __Artists' League of America__, is organized without union affiliation. 1944 __The U.S. ratifies the__ United Nations (UN) __charter.__ __ 1 94 5  __ WN II ends in Europe. The war with Japan ends when the U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Members of the __Artists' League of America__ form __Artists' Equity__, open only to ar­ tists with professional credentials. 1946 __The__ U.S. State Department __puts together AMERICAN INDUSTRY SPONSORS ART, a program in which corporate collections are used to mount exhibitions that travel to foreign countries.__ __ The __U.S. State Department __finances ADVANCING AMERICAN ART, purchasing works from over 20 contemporary American painters. It opens in the__ Metropolitan Museum __in New York City  and then travels to South America and Europe. __ __ 194   7  __ Congressman FRED BUSBEY (R-IL) calls the ADVANCING AMERICAN ART exhibition a "disgrace to the United States" and "infiltrated by communists." All funding is withheld. The __Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)__ is organized under the National Security Act. The __Photo League__ is placed on Solicitor General TOM CLARK's list of subversive or­ ganizations. All members are blacklisted, in effect denying them any form of meaningful employment. The Taft-Hartley Bill is passed by __Congress__, preventing U.S. government employees from striking or becoming members of the __Communist Party__. The __NAACP__ presents the __UN__ with AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD, a petition to end ra­ cism written by W.E.B. DU BOIS. __ Congress __ cites the 10 screenwriters known as the __Hollywood Ten__ for contempt after they refuse to cooperate with __HUAC__'s attempt to blacklist "subversives" in the mo­ tion picture industry. Most serve one-year terms in prison. 1 948  __Two million federal employees are investigated by the__ FBI __regarding their communist sympathies.__ __ LLOYD GOODRICH, curator at the __Whitney Museum__, proposes a new arts organiza­ tion-the__ Committee on Government and Art-__to examine the feasability of government funding of art.__ __ 1949  __ JACOB JAVITS  (D-NY)  introduces a joint resolution in the __House__ calling for a __National Theater, Opera, and Ballet__ to be funded by the U.S. government. __ Congress __ exempts the __CIA__ from normal limitations on the expenditure and disclosure of funds. 1950 __The U.S. enters the Korean War as part of the__ UN __force.__ __ Henry Hay founds the __Mattachine Society __in San Francisco. While attempting to re­ main secret, the__ Mattachine Society __provides gay men with a sense of community and presses for gay rights.__ __ The __FBI __institutes the "communist infiltration program"__ (COMINAL) __to infiltrate the socialist and labor movements, working closely with Senator JOSEPH MCCARTHY (R-WI) and HUAC.__ __ President TRUMAN orders the __U.S. Army __to seize the railroads to prevent a nationwide rail strike.__ __ 1951  __ Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs EDWARD BARRETT declares that the U.S. is losing the "cultural war" with the Soviet Union. The __Photo League__, unable to raise funds or attract new members, dissolves. 1 9 5 2 __The__ CIA __funds the magazine__  __ENCOUNTER,__  __published in England and dedicated to the idea that "cultural advancement and political freedom are interdependent."__ __ A group calling itself __Postfolks __organizes a network to distribute conceptual artworks using the postal system.__ __ The __Supreme Court __holds that "subversives" can be barred from teaching in the pu~ Iic schools.__ __ The first year in the 71 years since records have been kept that an African American was not lynched in the U.S. __Congress __still refuses to pass anti-lynching legislation.__ __ 1953  __ The Korean War ends.

Representative GEORGE DONDERO (R-MI) attacks ANTON REFREGIER's __WPA__ mural at a San Francisco Post Office for having communist imagery. The attack galvanizes the __Amer­ ican Federation of Arts__, __Artists' Equity__, and the __American Section of the Intemational Association of Art Critics__ to rally in defense of the work, which is saved. Artists BEN SHAHN, ALEXANDER CALDER, and GEORGIA O'KEEFFE are placed under __FBI__ surveillance. The __Ford Foundation__ is founded with $15 million lito help fight restrictions on free­ dom of thought, inquiry, and expression." The __CIA__ organizes a coup in Iran that places the Shah back on his throne. __ General Electric __ announces that all employees with communist sympathies will be discharged.   ONE MAGAZINE,  a periodical devoted to gay life, begins publication. The __U.S. Post Office__ and the __Los Angeles Circuit Court__ soon rule that it cannot be sent through the mails.   1954  __The books of WILHELM REICH, exploring the psychology of sexuality, are burned pub­ licly by the U.S. government.__ __ The __Commission on Fine Arts __issues a report recommending federal arts funding, but its recommendations are defeated by vote of the__ House __subcommittee.__ __ The __American Federation of Arts __issues its report STATEMENT ON ARTISTIC FREE­ DOM, which emphasizes the symbolic importance of artistic freedom in the  U.S.  __ __ The __National Council on the Arts and Government __is formed to lobby the U.S. government on behalf of artists.__ __ Racial segregation is declared illegal in the __Supreme Court __decision Brown v. Board of Education.__ __ The __FBI __places the__ Committee for Negro Arts __on its communist blacklist.__ __ The __CIA __organizes a small army to overthrow President JACOBO ARBENZ in Guatemala. 1955 __ President EISENHOWER calls for the establishment of a __Federal Advisory Commis­ sion on the Arts__ within the __Department of Health, Education and Welfare__ to propose arts funding.

ANN HALPRIN forms the __Dancers' Workshop Company__ in San Francisco. Coopera­ tive performances are staged with TRISHA BROWN, YVONNE RANIER, and STEVE PAXTON, often on outdoor platforms. President EISENHOWER persuades __Congress__ to pass a $5 million emergency fund for cultural exchange. MARTIN LUTHER KING is elected to head the __Montgomery Improvement Association__. The __Daughters of Bilitis__, a lesbian organization, is founded in San Francisco and begins pUblication of THE LADDER. ROSA PARKS, a Montgomery, AL seamstress and member of the __NAACP__, is arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider. The African-American com­ munity of the city stages a one-day boycott that eventually grows into a movement headed up by the __Montgomery Improvement Association__. 1956 __The__ Dallas County Patriotic Council__, made up of rightwing artists, attacks SPORT IN AMERICA, a__ USIA-__sponsored exhibition, because it contains work by artists linked to left-wing organizations. The__ Dallas Museum __trustees vote to keep the exhibition in its entirety.__ __ The __Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA) __opens in a piano ware­ house in downtown Winston-Salem, NC. __ __ The __NAACP __handles the legal suit of AUTHERINE LUCY, the first African-American stu­ dent at the __University of Alabama__, after she is suspended due to campus violence.__ __ 1957  __ __ Arts Advisory Council __ legislation fails to pass __Congress__ after WHEELER WILLIAMS, a member of the conservative __American Artists Professional League__, testifies to the possibility of a communist and/or modernist takeover of the council. 1958 __The__ John Birch Society__, a radical conservative organization, is founded by__ __ROBERT WELCH.__ __ Three thousand __Lumbee __Indians drive off a KKK demonstration in Robeson County, NC. __ __ The __Supreme Court __rules that ONE MAGAZINE has a legal right to go through the mail.__ __ 1959  __ The __National Conference of Artists__ is organized at Atlan__ta__ __University__ to promote the work of African-American artists.

ALLAN KAPROW stages 18 HAPPENINGS IN 6 PARTS at the __Reuben__ __Gallery__ in New York City. 1960 __A strike by the__ Theater Guild __closes down all theaters in New York  City. __ __ The __Socialist League for Industrial Democracy __becomes__ Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)__.__ __ The __Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) __is formed at__ Shaw Uni­ versity __in Raleigh, NC. __ __ A __CIA __U-2 reconnaissance plane is shot down over Russia. __ __ The __New York State Council on the Arts __is established on a temporary basis, be­ coming permanent two years later.__ __ 1961  __ The __Artists Tenants Association (ATA)__ forms in New York  City  to protest rezoning laws that threaten artists lofts. GEORGE MACIUNAS originates __Fluxus__, a cooperative network of conceptual artists. The __CIA-__sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion fails. Secretary of Labor ARTHUR GOLDBERG settles the __American Federation of Musici­ ans__' strike against the __Metropolitan Opera__ and includes a provision for federal subsidizing of the arts. __ CORE __ initiates "freedom rides" to desegregate interstate buses. Many buses are at­ tacked ~y the __KKK.__ Total number of degrees conferred by U.S. colleges in the fine and applied arts is 13,612. 1962 __President JOHN KENNEDY appoints AUGUST HECKSHER as Special Consultant to the Arts.__ 5DS __ issues THE PORT HURON STATEMENT, which advocates "participatory democracy. " __ __ The FBI begins a Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) in an attempt to discredit __ __ -.- __ __ MARTIN LUTHER KING and the SCLC. __ __ The __CIA __activates Operation Mongoose, enlisting__ Mafia __hit men in an attempt to as­ sassinate RDEL CASTRO.__ __ ED PLUNKETT invents the name __New York Correspondance (sic) School __for RAY JOHNSON's mail art network.__ __ CESAR CHAVEZ organizes the __United Farm Workers Union (UFW)__.__ __ The __Judson Dance Group __is founded in New York City by members of the__ Dancers' Workshop__. CAROLEE SCHNEEMAN's MEAT lOYis staged at__ Judson Memorial Church__.__ Institute of American Indian Art __ is organized in Santa Fe, NM. __ Citizens for Decent Literature __ is formed and immediately attacks HAROLD ROBBINS's THE CARPETBAGGERS and HENRY MILLER's THE TROPIC OF CANCER as "obscene." __ Artists for CORE __ hold its first benefit auction. __ __ 1 9 6 3  __  THE ARTS AND THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT,  a report submitted by AUGUST HECK­ SHER, recommends the formation of a __National Arts Foundation__. The __ATA__ pickets DAVINCI's MONA LISA at the __Metropolitan Museum of Art__ to pro­ test rezoning laws. SNCC members JOHN O'NEAL and GILBERT MOSES establish the __Free Southern Theater__ in Mississippi. __ SNCC __, __SCLC__, and __CORE__ cosponsor MARCH ON WASHINGTON. MARTIN LUTHER KING delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech. The __AFL-CIO__ adopts a plan to end racial discrimination in the workplace. Ninety commercial galleries close down in sympathy with __ATA__. ROBERT ALLlOU, a __Fluxus__ poet, coins the term ETERNAL NETWORK. The ARMORY SHOW is r~reated in its original setting. The __United Auto Workers__ give __SDS__ $5,000 to organize an Economic Research and Action Project for a poor community in Cleveland. A sniper kills __NAACP__ organizer MEDGER EVERS in Jackson, MS. ROMARE BEARDEN, ALVIN HOLLINGSWORTH, and WILLIAM MAJORS form __The Spiral__, an African-American artists' organization, to aid the civil rights movement.

Eight senators pass HUBERT HUMPHREY's (D-MN) National Arts and Cultural Develop­ ment Act by a late-night voice vote. The __Museum of African Art/Frederick Douglas Institute__ is founded in Washing­ ton, DC. 1964 __Public Law 88-579 is signed by President JOHNSON, creating the__ National Council on the Arts __advisory panel made up of 24 private citizens.__ __ CASSIUS CLAY defeats SONNY LISTON for the heavyweight title and declares himself a __Black uslim__, changing his name to MUHAMMAD ALI.__ __ JOHN SINCLAIR, MAGDALENE ARNDT, and GEORGE TYSCH form the __Artists Workshop __in Detroit. __ __ ART KLEPS founds the __Nee-American (Boo Hoo) Church__, based on the use of psy­ chedelics as a sacrament.__ Congress __ passes the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which bars all discrimination accord­ ing to gender, race, or religion. __ __ The __National Indian Youth Council __sponsors "fish-ins" to protest transgressions of Indian fishing rights along rivers in the State of Washington. __ __ Led by MARIO SAVIO, students at the __University of California at Berkeley __form the__ Free Speech Movement __to protest the banning of political activities on campus.__ __ MALCOLM X splits with the __Black Muslims __and forms the__ Organization for Afro-Amer­ ican Unity__.__ __ 1965  __ The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act authorizes __Congress__ to appropriate funds for the __National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)__ and the __National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH)__. The __UFW__ begins its boycott of California grapes. The U.S. invades the Dominican Republic. The __New York Graphic Workshop__ distributes the Rrst Class Mail Art Exhibition #1. __ Teatro Campesino __ is established by __San Francisco Mime Troupe__ veteran LUIS VALDEZ in conjunction with a __United Farm Workers__ strike in Delano, CA. The first contingent of U.S. Marines lands in Vietnam.

Race riots in the Watts section of Los Angeles leave 35 dead and $200 million in damages. protests U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the Dominican Republic. SDS organizes the first march against the Vietnam War in Washington, DC. CLYDE WARRIOR forms the __National Indian Youth Council.__ ROBERT LOWELL, supported by 20 artists and writers, refuses an invitation to read at the White House, citing U.S. military intervention in Vietnam and the Dominican Republic. 1966 __The__ Whitney Museum of American Art __inaugurates its new building in__ __New York City____.__ __ IRVING PETLIN organizes a committee of Los   Angeles  artists to finance the  TOWER FOR PEACE,  constructed by MARK DI SUVERO with work sent from artists all over the U.S. __ __ The __Black Panther Party (BPP) __begins police surveillance in Oakland, CA. __ __ The __Friends of Cast Iron Architecture (FCIA) __forms in New York City. __ __son__ __River____.__ __ The __National Organization of Women (NOW) __is organized.__ __ GEORGE MACIUNAS, with money from the __National Endowment for the Arts __and the__ Kaplan Fund__, begins__ Ruxhous Cooperatives Inc. __to renovate SoHo (South of Houston St.) buildings into cooperative artists lofts. __ __ 1967  __ Total __NEA__ funding for Visual Arts is $735,000; 60 individual artists receive $5,000 each. The __National Student Association__ admits to having received more than $3 million from the __CIA__ for use in overseas programs. An American section of the __Situationist International__ is formed in New York City. __ Smokehouse Associates __ is formed by WILLIAM T. WILLIAMS and MELVIN EDWARDS to paint murals on decaying walls in Harlem. The __Black Nationalist COINTELPRO Group__ is formed at the __FBI__ to undermine the __BPP__, the __Republic__ __of New Africa__, and __SNCC.__ Over 600 artists form __Angry Artists Against the War in Vietnam__.
 * END YOUR SILENCE, a full-page ad in the  NEW YORK TIMES  sponsored by artists, || ~ ||
 * PETE SEEGER inspires the creation of the sloop CLEARWATER  to clean up the Hud- || ~ ||

The __NEA__ withdraws financial support from __Ruxhous__ to instead fund the __Westbeth Pro­ ject__, a plan to renovate a former __Bell Labs__ building into artists' living and working spaces. Under the aegis of the __Artists and Writers Project__, a 10 ft. by 120 ft. COLLAGE OF INDIGNATION is installed at __Loeb Student Center, New York University__. The __Artists Workshop__ in Detroit shuts down after a massive drug bust. The __Organization of Black-American Culture__ paints WALL OF RESPECT, a mural in Chicago's South Side that helps launch the contemporary mural movement. MUHAMMAD ALI refuses to join the __U.S. Army__ on the grounds of h.is religious convic­ tions. He is convicted of draft evasion; the __World Boxing Association__ and the __New York State Boxing Commission__ withdraw recognition of his title. 1968 __The__ NEA __helps create the__ American Rim Institute__.__ __ GEORGE DREWERY founds __Beyond Baroque __in Venice, CA as a space for artists and writers to meet.__ __ The __White Panther Party __is formed by JOHN SINCLAIR at an__ MC 5 __ recording session. Yippies (members of the __Youth Intemational Party__), led by ABBIE HOFFMAN and JERRY RUBIN, throw money from the visitors gallery onto the floor of the__ New York Stock Exchange__.__ __ The Tet offensive, Vietnam. __ The Mexican American Liberation Art Front __ is formed in San Diego to discuss work and organize exhibitions. __ __ DENNIS BANKS and GEORGE MITCHELL found the __American Indian Movement (AIM) __in Minneapolis. __ __ MARTIN LUTHER KING is assassinated. Riots break out in every major American city. The __NEA __matches by one half the funding of inner~ity arts programs in the 16 largest U.S.  cities. __ __ The __Studio Museum __opens in Harlem. __ Ant Farm __, an artists' collective, is created in San Francisco and Houston by CHIP LORD and DOUG MICHAELS. __ Auxhous __ controls 18 SoHo buildings but ends operations. ROBERT KENNEDY is assassinated. __ __ ANDY WARHOL is shot by VALERIE SOLAN IS, founder of the __Society for Cutting Up Men (SCUM)__.__ Urban Planning Aid (UPA) __ is founded in Boston with funding from the __Office of produce over 100 videotapes before ending in 1980. Cityarts Workshop __, emphasizing murals and mosaics, is founded in New York City. __SDS __and other groups clash with police at the Democratic National Convention in Chi­ cago. __ U.S. Army __ sources later reveal that one in six demonstrators was either a member of the __Chicago Police __force or an undercover__ FBI __agent.__ __ 1969  __ The __Black Emergency Cultural Coalition__, led by photographer ROY DECARAVA, is formed to protest the HARLEM ON MY MIND exhibition at the __Metropolitan Museum of Art__. A series of demands are also made on the __Whitney__ __Museum__, in­ cluding the purchase and exhibition of more African-American artists. Court testimony reveals that the __FBI__ tapped MARTIN LUTHER KING's phone line. __ EI Museo del Barrio __, featuring work by Puerto Rican artists, opens in New York City. __Art Workers Coalition (AWC)__ is founded when 300 artists meet at the __School__ __of Visual Arts__ in New York City to promote museum reform. Their list of demands to __MoMA__ includes free admission, night hours, an artists' curatorial committee, exhibi­ tions in African-American and Hispanic neighborhoods, and the recognition of women and minority artists. The __Weathermen__ faction splits from __5DS__. __ Appalshop __ is founded in Whitesburg, KY as a joint experiment of the __Office of Economic Opportunity__ and the __American Film Institute__. When sponsors terminate support. trainees establish __Appalshop__ as an independent media arts center. __ NEA __ grants total $6,370,639; 30 individual artists receive $5,000 each. The Freedom of Information Act is passed, enabling ordinary citizens limited access to government documents.
 * Economic Opportunity __ to give technical assistance to community activists. It helps __ || ) ||

The __Slack Academy of Arts and Sciences__ is formally established to honor and en­ courage contributions to African-American culture. __ Women Artists in Revolution (WAR) __ forms in protest over the WHITNEY ANNUAL, which includes only 8 women out of 143 artists. __ Gain Ground __ is opened by ROBERT NEWMAN in New York City with performance and installation works by VITO ACCONCI, ELEANOR ANTIN, DAN GRAHAM, and others. __ Black Panther __ FRED HAMPTON is murdered in an __FBI/COINTELPRO__ raid in Chicago. HOLLY SOLOMON opens __98 Greene Street__ with performances and installations by GORDON MATIA-CLARK, ROBERT KUSHNER, TAYLOR MEAD, WAYNE COUNTY, and others. The __AWC__ forces the __Metropolitan__ __Museum__ in New York City to postpone the open­ ing of NEW YORK PAINTING AND SCULPTURE 1940-1970, in observance of the moratorium on the Vietnam War. The __AWC__ decides against starting an alternative system of galleries and opts to af­ fect __MoMA__ by placing an artist at the trustee level. After unremitting police harassment, a group of transvestites spark several days of ri­ oting at the __Stonewall Bar__ in New York City. __Stonewall Unions__- gay political organizations-begin to form across the U.S.   The first __National Chicano Youth Conference__ is held in Denver, where the concept of Aztlan-a Chicano nation-is conceived. The __AWC__ publishes poster Q. AND BABIES TOO? A. AND BABIES TOO, to protest the My Lai massacre in which hundreds of Vietnamese civilians were murdered by American troops. The __Guerilla Art Action Group (GAAC)__ removes MALEVICH's WHITE ON WHITEfrom a __MoMA__ wall and replaces it with a manifesto calling for __MoMA__ to: 1) sell one million dollars of artwork and redistribute the money to the poor; 2) decentralize; 3) close until the end of the Vietnam War. An organization calling itself __Indians of All Tribes__ occupies Alcatraz Island in pro­ test over broken treaties. __ Black ____ & ____ Red __ begins a publishing project in Detroit. Among their first publications is GUY DEBORD's SOCIETY OF THE SPECTACLE.

1970 __U.S.__ __forces invade Cambodia. In the demonstrations that follow, four students are killed at__ Kent State University __in Ohio, and two are killed at__ Jackson State Univer­ __§!!Y in Mississippi.__ __ The __Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN__), a net­ work of community self-help organizations, forms its first chapter in Little Rock, AR.__ Contradiction __, the first of the prcrsituationist groups in the San Francisco Bay  area, is formed, followed by __Negation __and__ Diversion__.__ Galeria de la Raza __ begins storefront exhibitions of the work of Chicano artists in San Francisco's Mission District. __ __ The __New York Art Strike __is formed when__ Art Workers Coalition__,__ Guerilla Art Ac­ tion__, and__ Art Workers United __stage a sitdown strike at the__ Metropolitan Museum of Art __to protest war, racism, sexism, and repression. They later decide to boycott the VENICE BIENNALE. __ __ The first EARTH DA Y demonstrations are organized to protest ecological pollution. The __Gray Panthers __are organized to protect the rights of senior citizens.__ __ The Workshops category, providing funding to artists' organizations, becomes part of the __NEA __Visual Arts Program.__ Artists and Writers Protest Against the War in Vietnam __ and the __AWC __begin a let­ ter-writing campaign to PABLO PICASSO, asking that he withdraw GUERNICA from __MoMA __to protest American involvement in Vietnam.__ __ The __UFW __forces grape growers to sign union contract after a five-year struggle.__ __ As the result of a COINTELPRO scam, JOHN SINCLAIR, head of Detroit's __White Pan­ ther Party__, is sentenced to nine and one half years in maximum security prison for the possession of two marijuana cigarettes.__ __ THE PEOPLE'S FLAG SHOW,  held at the __Judson Church __in New York City, is closed and its organizers found guilty of flag desecration.__ __ JEFFREY LEW opens __112 Greene Street__.__ MoMA __ 's KYNASTON MCSHINE organizes INFORMATION, an exhibition of conceptual art, which quickly becomes a forum for protesting the U.S. presence in Vietnam. __ __ The __Basement Workshop__, an Asian-American artists' organization, is founded in New York City. __ __ The __Los Angeles Council of Women Artists __is formed to protest the__ Los Angeles County Museum__'s ART AND TECHNOLOGY exhibition, which includes no women.__ AIM __ occupies the MAYFLOWER /I on Thanksgiving Day. __ Women Students and Artists for Black Liberation __, led by FAITH RINGGOLD, protest the all-white-male composition of __Art Strike__'s COUNTER-BIENNALEto be held in New York City. __ __ GORDON MATTA-GLARK digs a hole in the basement of __112 Greene Street __and plants a cherry tree.__ __ JUDY CHICAGO founds the first feminist educational program for women in art at __Cal­ ifornia State University__, Fresno. __ __ The __Chicago Mural Group __forms.__ __ A panel appointed by President JOHNSON to investigate obscenity and pornography is­ sues its final report urging the repeal of virtually all obscenity laws. __ __ 1 9 7 1  __ NEA funding reaches $15 million. The __Supreme Court__ overturns MUHAMMAD ALI's conviction. __ Los Toltecas en Aztlan __ opens __Centro Cultural de la Raza__ in san Diego. The __Black Emergency Cultural Coalition__ organizes a prison art program. In response to lobbying by the __Congressional Black Caucus__ and community activ­ ists, the __NEA__ begins making grants through a new Expansion Arts Program for community-based arts activities. The __RepUblic of New Africa__ calls for an independent black nation composed of five southern states. __ West-East Bag (WEB) __ forms to construct a nationwide network of women artists. New York Governor NELSON ROCKEFELLER orders state troopers to storm Attica prison after talks over hostages break down. A total of 31 prisoners and nine hostages are killed.

__ Artists Space __ opens at the __Committee for Visual Arts__ in New York City. ELEANOR ANTIN begins 100 BOOTS, a mail art project about the travels of 100 boots. __F-Space Gallery__ opens in a shopping mall in Orange County, CA. The __Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI__ breaks into __FBI__ headquarters in Media, PA and makes public evidence of COINTELPRO activities. COINTELPRO shuts down. HANS HAACKE's exhibition at the __Guggenheim__ __Museum__ is cancelled because HAACKE's SHALOPSKY  £T. AL. MANHATTAN REAL ESTATE HOLDINGS, A REAL­ TIME SOCIAL SYSTEM, AS OF MAY   1, 1971. deals with "specific social situations" not considered art. CARL ANDRE exhibits a row of squares on the floor of __112 Greene Street____. People United to Save Humanity (PUSH)__ is founded by JESSE JACKSON. The __Supreme Court__ rules that the NEW YORK TIMES can publish the PENTAGON PAPERS, a top-secret __Defense Department__ document leaked by DANIEL ELLSBERG. __ Guerrilla Art Action Group __ begins mail art project in which they send instructions to __Nixon Administration__ officials (To NIXON-REPEAT ALOUD "EAT WHAT YOU KILL '').  ALANNA HEISS produces a three-day art festival under the ramps of the Brooklyn Bridge. Participants include CARL ANDRE, SOL LE Win, MABOU MINES, RUDY BURCHARDT, and GORDON MAnA-CLARK.  Short Term Activities Grants program is initiated by the __NEA__ to fund "individual artists or groups engaged in process and performance art activities, technological art, artist­ generated exhibitions, and cooperative ventures."  Total number of degrees conferred by U.S. colleges in the fine and applied arts is 41,368.   1972  NEA __ funding reaches $29,750,000. __ __ The __Visual Studies Workshop __in ROChester, NY begins publication of AFTERIMAGE, __ __~__ __ ALlANA HEISS begins the __Institute for Art and Urban Resources __under the funding__ __ umbrella of the __Municipal Art Society__, using a Coney Island warehouse for exhibitions.__ __ After consistent criticism by two __ PBS __ news shows- THIRTY MINUTES WITH and WASHINGTON WEEK IN REVIEW-President  NIXON  vetoes the entire __ Corporation for Public Broadcasting __ budget. __ Point Blank __, a group of situationists, detourns the __ U.C. Berkeley __ student newspaper, printing the LAST DAIL Y CAL. __ __ JUDY CHICAGO, SUZANNE LACY, MIRIAM SHAPIRO, and others take over a rurH:town house in downtown Los Angeles and transform it into an installation piece titled WOMANHOUSE. __ __ VITO ACCONCI presents SEED BED at __ Sonnabend Gallery __, New York City. Specta­ tors walk over a ramp in the gallery while ACCONCI masturbates underneath. __ __ The __NEA __funds the first Art Critics Fellowships, administered by the Visual Arts Pro­ gram; 10 critics receive $3,000 each.__ AIR __ and __ SoHo 20 __, women's cooperative galleries, are established in New York City. SOHO ARTS FESTIVAL FOR MCGOVERN, a benefit for the Democratic presidential canditate, is held in New York City. __ __ The FBI infiltrates AIM. __ __ARTS, ARTFORUM, ART IN AMERICA,__  __and ART NEWS all donate space to the__ NEA __to advertise its grants.__ Self-Help Graphics __, a Chicano arts organization and workshop, is founded in East Los Angeles. __ __ ADRIAN PIPER constructs a series of performances in which she takes on an alter ego­ MYTHIC BEING-a young black male totally conditioned by race relations in the U.S. __ __ The pesticide DDT is banned. __ NEA __ Short Term Activities grants total $73,000 and include grants for several artist­ run organizations. __ __ 1973  __ The __NEA__ initiates Workshops subheading of the Public Art Program to facilitate fund­ ing "alternative spaces." The Vietnam Peace Agreement is signed in Paris. The Inner Cities Mural Program is discontinued at the __NEA__.
 * a magazine dedicated to video, independent film, photography, and artists' books. ||, ||

__ Kearny Street Workshop __, an Asian-American community arts center, is founded in San Francisco. CHRIS BURDEN buys air time on Los Angeles TV, "advertising" himself as a conce~ tual artist. The __Supreme Court__ "legalizes" women's right to reproductive freedom in Roe v. Wade. __Womanspace Gallery__ opens in the __Women's Building__ in Los Angeles. New York artists reproduce a revolutionary mural from Chile to protest the __CIA__ spon­ sored overthrow of Chilean President SALVADORE ALLENDE. NEW YORK CORRESPONDANCE SCHOOL  SHOW,  curated by RAY JOHNSON and MARCIA TUCKER, opens at the __Whitney Museum of American Art__. Demanding guaranteed work or pay, dancers strike the __New York City__ __Ballet.__ __ The New York Correspondance School __ dies with a "dead letter" to the obit column of the NEW YORK TIMES. __ Artists Space __, dedicated to showing undiscovered artists, opens up at 15 Wooster Street in New York City, under the direction of HELENE WEINER. Museum workers at __MaMA__ go on strike. __ FCIA __ succeeds in having SoHo rezoned City Landmark Status, closing it off to high­ rise development. __ NAME Gallery __ opens in Chicago. __ AIM __ occupies Wounded Knee. General ALEXANDER HAIG directs the __U.S. Army__ inva­ sion. Hundreds of casualties are suffered by __AIM__ members. MARGO ST. JAMES organizes __Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE)__, a prostitutes' rights group. The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CET A) is enacted by __Congress__, pro­ viding federal public employment to chronically unemployed groups including artists. Starting full-time salary is $10,000 per year. The __American Psychiatric Association__ overturns its 100-year-old position and de­ clares that homosexuality is not a disease.

The __Boston Women's Health Book Collective__ publishes the first edition of OUR BODIES, OURSELVES. 1974 __The__ __San Francisco__ __group__ Negation __stages all night graffiti blitzes, employing slo­ gans like MURDER THE ORGANIZERS OF YOUR BOREDOM. __ __ CHRIS BURDEN has pins stuck into his body while performing BACK TO YOU at 112 __Greene Street. __ In Montague, MA, SAM LOVEJOY topples a weather-monitoring tower erected in pre­ paration for a __Northeast Utilities __nuclear reactor, claiming it was an act of civil disobedience.__ Artpark __, a publicly funded state park dedicated especially to outdoor and environmen­ tal sculpture, opens in Lewistown, NY. __ Los Angeles Institute for Contemporary Art (LAICA) __ and its publication JOURNAL are formed by ROBERT L. SMITH. __ __ President NIXON resigns in light of impending impeachment hearings regarding Water­ gate break-ins. __ __ The __Symbionese Liberation Army __kidnaps PATTY HEARST and demands $70 in food for every needy person in California. __ And/Or __ opens in seattle.__ __ The __San Francisco Art Workers' Coalition __is formed to make publicly supported arts institutions accountable.__ __ The __Citizens Freedom Foundation __is founded to de program young people from cult influence.__ __ Asian-American artists protest under-representation of Asian-American and other minority workers at the Confucius Plaza construction site in New York City. __ Artists Space __ initiates UNAFFILIATED ARTISTS FILE, a slide file kept for visiting curators, etc. __ __ LAURIE ANDERSON performs DUETS ON ICE, playing violin while standing in ice skates frozen in a melting block of ice. __ CErA San Francisco __ announces 113 positions available to artists; 3,500 artists apply. __ __ JEFFREY LEW initiates GROUP INDISCRIMINATE at __112 Greene Street__, a once-a­ year exhibition in which space is allotted on a first~ome, first-served basis.__ __ A shootout at the __Symbionese Liberation Army Headquarters __leaves six dead. ROBERT MUFfAlETTO organizes the__ Center for Exploratory and Perceptual Art __in Buffalo, NY.__ __ The __FBI __initiates a shootout with__ AIM __members at Pine Ridge.__ __ 197 5  __ __ Washington Project for the Arts (WPA) __ is founded by ALICE DENNEY in Washing­ ton, DC. __ Greenpeace __ begins its SAVE THE WHALES campaign. The __Artists' Poster Committee__ organizes A   DECADE OF POLITICAL POSTERS   196&1975  to benefit the __Attica Legal Defense Fund__. __ Hallwalls __ is founded in Buffalo, NY. __ Creative Time __ sponsors RUCKUS MANHATTAN by RED and MIMI GROOMS at the __Ruckus Construction Company__, New York City. __ Ant Farm __ produces THE ETERNAL FRAME, a doclHlrama about the KENNEDY assassination. __ Movimiento Artistico Chicano (MARCH) __ is formed in Chicago. GENO RODRIGUEZ forms the __Alternative__ __Museum__, an artist-founded museum of con­ temporary art. Two unsuccessful assassination attempts on President GERALD FORD. The first is by lYNmE FROMME, an associate of CHARLES MANSON; the second is by SARA JANE MOORE, a former __FBI__ informant. Detroit's FIFTH ESTATE, the second oldest American underground newspaper, is re­ vamped by an anarchist staff. __ Ant Farm __ stages MEDIA BURN, driving a  car through a wall of TV sets. 1976 Franklin Furnace __, dedicated to artists' books, is founded by MARTHA WILSON in New __ __ York City. __ __ EMILE DE ANTONIO completes UNDERGROUND, a film about the __Weather Under­ ground__, thefocusofa huge__ FBI __manhunt. The FBI subpoenas the film and DE ANTONIO. __ Greenpeace __ opens a campaign aimed at ending the slaughter of baby seals by inter­ fering with the hunt and then sending back documentation of the kills. __ __ The __Social and Public Arts Resource Center__, a multicultural arts center dedicated to public art, is founded in Los Angeles.__ __ Artist MICHAEL ASHER takes down all the windows and doors in the __Clocktower__, ex­ posing the space to the elements.__ __ JUDY BACA begins the GREAT WALL OF LOS ANGELES, a mural depicting Cal­ ifornia's multiracial history. __ Neighborhood Art Programs National OrganiZing Committee (NAPNOC) __ is formed at an NEA Expansion Arts-funded retreat attended by some two dozen community ar­ tists at a __United Auto Workers__' center in Black Lake, MI. __ __ Women's video groups in 14 cities exchange tapes in the VIDEOLETTERS project. The __Clamshell Alliance __conducts nonviolent occupations at the site of the proposed Seabrook Nuclear Power Plant.__ __ The ART INDEX begins using "Art Galleries-non commercial" subject heading. __ __ 1977  __ __ NAME __ sponsors MIDWESTERN ALTERNATIVE SPACES CONFERENCE in Chicago. Representative JACK KEMP (R-NY) introduces Multiple Purpose Arts and Humanities legislation to provide a tax credit for money donated to organizations supporting the arts and humanities. The __Heresies Collective__ publishes the first issue of HERESIES MAGAZINE. With __Department of Labor__ funding, __NAPNOC__ opens offices in Washington, San Francisco, and Knoxville to study __CIT A__ community arts employment. __ NEA __ WorkshopsjVisual Arts category becomes Workshops/Artists Spaces, a program "designed to encourage artists to devise modes of working together and to test new ideas." Special __NEA__ guidelines for artists spaces are issued. PICTURES, an exhibition curated by DOUGLAS CRIMP with work by JACK GOLDSTEIN, TROY BRAUNTUCH, SHERRIE LEVINE, ROBERT LONGO, and PHILLIP SMITH, opens at __Artists Space__, signaling the beginning of pictorial postmodernism.
 * __ Minnesota Artists Exhibition Program __ is founded in Minneapolis. Once a year the || • ||
 * entire membership meets to vote on the LARGEST JURIED SHOW IN THE WORLD. || ~ ||

Thousands of farmers drive tractors to Washington, DC to focus attention on the farm crisis. FRED LONIDIER's THE HEALTH AND SAFETY GAME, a work about occupational health hazards, is installed at the __Whitney__ __Museum__. MARCIA TUCKER opens __The New Museum__ in the lobby of the __New School for Social Research__. __ WPA __ stages QUESTIONS: NEW YORK MOSCOW NEW YORK MOSCOW, a perform­ ance by DOUGLAS DAVIS (U.S.) and KOMAR & MELAMID (U.S.S.R.). __ LAICA __ makes all of its artists panels "advisory," giving staff increased curatorial power. Dedicated to experimental and socially conscious art, __Collaborative Projects (COLAS)__ is founded by a group of artists in part because "The chances of a nonprofit institution getting a grant are 50 percent; an individual artist's is only three percent." • __ Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) __ is organized by 13 artists. The staff of two is paid through CETA funding. SUZANNE LACY, LESLIE LABOWITZ, and a group of women artists stage THREE WEEKS IN MAY, a series of public consciousness-raising performances about rape in Los Angeles. __ Atlatl __, a Native-American arts organization, is founded in Phoenix, AZ. __ 112 __ __ Greene Street __ organizes a RUMMAGE SALE AND SKILLS AUCTION to bene­ fit the __Heresies Collective__. __ Women and Their Work __ is organized in Austin, TX. 1978 Cincinnati Artists Group Effort (CAGE) __ is founded, operating without a space for over two years. __ __ JENNY HOllER produces TRUISMS, a window display for __Franklin Furnace__.__ CETA, __ whose annual budget reaches $75 million, funds over 10,000 artists and over 600 projects in 200 locations nationwide. __ __ The __Cultural Affairs Division __of the__ State Department __merges with the__ United States Information Agency__, creating the__ International Communications Agency__.__ __ Love Canal  is declared an ecological disaster area by President JIMMY CARTER. HARRISBURG, a Pennsylvania community-run magazine, publishes a fictional ac­ count of a disaster at the local Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant. Later that year, WALTER CREITZ, president of __Metropolitan Edison Corporation__, complains to the__ De­ partment of Labor__, which promptly cuts off all__ CErA __funding to the magazine.__ WPA __ organizes a PUNK ART exhibition. __ __ The __American Indian Community House Gallery/Museum __is founded in New York City. __ Fashion Moda __ is founded in the South Bronx to sponsor neighborhood art programs. Nine hundred eleven people commit mass suicide in JIM JONES's __People's Temple Settlement __in Guyana.__ 112 Greene Street __ is forced to relocate because of soaring SoHo real estate costs. In Chicago. WARD CHRISTENSEN and RANDY SEUSS create the first computer bulletin board (BBS). __ __ The first TAKE BACK THE NIGHT marches are organized to demand women's rights to safety in the ~treet. __ __ The __New York State Assembly __threatens to end__ CAPS __funding because of the art­ ist's book SEX OBJECTS, partially funded by__ CAPS __funding and held by some members of the assembly to be objectionable.__ __ THE NEW ARTSSPACE,  the first national conference of alternative visual arts organi­ zations, is held at __LAICA__. LAWRENCE WEINER is the only unaffiliated artist invited to be a panel participant; 100 Los Angeles artists protest the lack of individual artist representation.__ __ MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING  between the __NEA__, the__ NEH__, and the__ State Department's International Communications Agency__.__ Agency __staff members are invited to observe closed peer panels and__ NEA National Council __meetings.__ CEPA __ develops PORTRAIT OF BUFFALO and BUFFALO'S HISTORIC PASTwith __CErA __funding.__ __ 1979  __  HANNA WILKE performs  THE STATE OF NUDITY IN THE U.S. at the __WP__A.
 * LAURIE ANDERSON performs SONGS FOR LINES/SONGS FOR WAVES at the __Kitchen__. || ~ ||

·"'r: IP

President REAGAN names FRANK HODSOLL chairman of the NEA. REPORT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL TASK FORCE ON THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES recommends that the __NEA__'s current structure of granting be maintained, but also rec­ ommends a stronger __Federal Arts Council.__ ART PAPERS, a magazine based in  Atlanta,   GA,  begins publishing the newsletter ARTSPACE NEWS. The Art Critics funding category, under fire because of "Marxist" tendencies, is sus­ pended by __NEA__ staff in response to the __Reagan Administration__'s proposed 50 percent cut in funding. The __WPA__ begins its STREETWORKS program of public art- "guerilla works in non­ art settings." The __Cherry Creek Theater Group__ hosts THE GATHERING in St. Peter,   MN,  a national convention of over 500 progressive artists. The __Justice Department__ announces plans to seek a reversal of __Supreme Court__ deci­ sions on affirmative action and freedom of reproductive choice. BEYOND SURVIVAL: NEW ARTSSPACES /I conference is funded by the __NEA__ and held in  New Orleans  to "explore the peculiar situation of the new artsspace as it ap­ proaches institutionalization." Over 70 organizations participate. A key issue is the hierarchy set up between organizations run by administrators and those run by artists. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT cites the first AIDS death. DEE DEE HALLECK begins PAPER TIGER TELEVISION, a public access TV show that debunks the media. The first guest is HERBERT SCHILLER, who" reads" the NEW YORK TIMES. JOHN W. HINKLEY, acting out a scenario from the movie TAXI DRIVER, attempts to as­ sassinate President REAGAN. __ Processed World Collective __ is founded and begins publication of PROCESSED WORLD magazine. KRZYSZTOF WODICZKO projects a giant image of shaking hands onto a building at the __Massachusetts Institute of Technology__.

President REAGAN successfully proposes eliminating __CETA__ public service employment programs, responsible for an estimated $200 million in jobs nationwide. Current arts workers are fired even before REAGAN's first budget is passed, since the __Department of Labor__ rules that funds already committed can be used to pay unemployment benefits. President REAGAN approves paramilitary and covert action to topple the __Sandinista__ government of Nicaragua. KEITH HARING executes his first chalk graffiti drawings in New York City subways. __Coca-Cola__ agrees to put $34 million into African-American businesses as a result of a national boycott by __PUSH__. The Equal Rights Amendment, guaranteeing women equality under the CONSTITU­ TION, fails ratification. Total number of degrees conferred by U.S. colleges in the fine and applied arts is 49,108. 1 982 __Massive plant closings occur throughout the__ __U.S.__ __ The __Gay Men's Health Crisis Center __is organized in New York City to help fight the spread of AIDS.__ __ New York City's __Metropolitan Transit Authority __rejects an anti-REAGAN poster by MICHAEL LEBRON titled TIRED OF THE JELL Y BEAN REPUBLIC? __ __ The __National Association of Artists' Organizations (NAAO) __is incorporated with 100 founding members from across the U.S. following the NEW ARTSSPACES III conference held at the WP A. __ __ The __Association of American Cultures (T AAC) __is formed to support culturally diverse arts through networking, increased public visibility, participation in government policy­ making, and implementation of ongoing programs.__ __ A British team discovers a gaping hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica. __ __ Over half a million demonstrators march in New York City for a nuclear freeze. __Ar­ tists for Nuclear Disarmament __is formed to create events and art for the march.__ __ The VIETNAM MEMORIAL to U.S. soldiers killed or missing in the Vietnam War is dedicated in Washington, DC. __ __ The __J. Paul Getty Museum __ becomes the largest endowed museum in the world when it receives $1.1 billion from the Getty estate. __ __ LAURIE ANDERSON's  BIG SCIENCE remains on BILLBOARD'S TOP LP'S CHARTfor __ __The__ NEA __Visual Arts Program ends its Services to the Field category and merges it__ __ with the Artists Space category to create the Visual Artists Organizations category; __ __ 156 organizations receive $2,060,900 in grants. __ __ 1983  __ FRANK HODSOLL vetoes an __NEA__ grant to the __Heresies Collective__ and __PAOLO__ that would have supported a proposed series of public forums featuring artists and critics HANS HAACKE, MARTHA ROSLER, SUZANNE LACY, and LUCY LIPPARD. __ NAAO __ receives a $50,000 grant from the __NEA__ to conduct a comprehensive survey of organizations that serve artists. __ The New Museum __ stages CLASSIREDS: BIG PAGES  (A   WALK-AROUND MA­ GAZINE),  by the __Heresies Collective__. JESSE JACKSON forms the __Rainbow Coalition__. __ NAPNOC __ changes its name to the __Alliance for Cultural Oemocracy (ACO)__. Faced with long-term fundraising problems, __ACO__ begins to operate as an all-volunteer network. __ NAAO __ organizes a national conference, THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME, at __Ran­ dolph Street Gallery__, Chicago. LARRY KRAMER publishes anAIDS awareness piece-1,112 AND COUNTING-in the NEW YORK NATIVE. A subsequent piece, 2,339, is published in the VILLAGE VOICE. The U.S. invades Grenada. The GREAT WALL OF LOS ANGELES is completed. Workers at the Weirton Steel Works in West Virginia buy the plant from the __National Steel Corporation__. 1984 Border Arts Workshop-- Taller de Arte Fronterizo __ -is formed in San Diego, CA to make art about Mexican immigration issues. __ CAGE __ organizes MAKING WAVES, a public-access cable TV show. __ __ The __Office of Management and Budget __issues a regulation barring non profits from using federal grant monies to lobby, affect elections, or distribute "publicity or propaganda. II __ __ Administrative Directive P-732 Personnel Security Program gives the __NEA __the right to proceed with security checks on employees and to prevent them from passing on "in­ formation, disclosure of which is prevented by law."__ Greenpeace __ activists parachute off the smokestacks of coal-fired power plants in Ohio to protest government inaction on acid rain. __ __ Mail artists protest RONNIE COHEN's curatorial censorship of entries to MAIL ART THEN AND NOW-MAIL ART INTERNATIONAL exhibition at __Franklin Furnace__.__ Group Material __ produces a timeline of U.S. intervention in Latin America at __P.S. 1__. The__ CIA __prepares an "assassination manual" for the__ Contras__, the U.S.-backed guerilla army trying to overthrow Nicaragua's__ Sandinista __government.__ __ Vietnam veterans settle out of court with seven chemical companies over claims that the chemical defoliant Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, led to high rates of cancer and genetic damage. __ __ The all-male __Junior Chamber of Commerce__, or__ Jaycees__, is directed to accept women as members.__ Artists Call Against U.S. Intervention in Central America __ organizes hundreds of exhibitions, performances, and events throughout the U.S. __ __ GREGORY LEE JOHNSON is arrested for burning an AMERICAN FLAG in protest at the Republican National Convention. __ __ Twenty-four bomb and arson attacks are carried out against abortion clinics in the U.S. The __FBI __refuses to investigate, stating that there is no evidence of organized activity.__ __ DIFFERENCE: ON SEXUALITY AND REPRESENTATION  is curated for the New __Museum __by KATE LINKER and JANE WEINSTOCK.__ __ JENNY HOLZER produces SIGN ON A TRUCK, using a portable computerized electronic sign to illustrate man-on-the-street comments about the presidential election. __ __ 198 5  __ The __Center for Arts Criticism__ is formed in Minneapolis/St. Paul, funded princi­ pally by the __Jerome Foundation__. DISINFORMATlON: THE MANUFACTURE OF CONSENT opens at the __Alternative__ __Museum__.
 * 12 weeks. || ':> ||

__ Greenpeace __ produces a 6G-second TV spot of a fashion show in which a profusely bleeding fur coat splatters spectators. __ NAAO __ adopts a 15-percent-minorjty exhibition guideline as an affirmative action program during the CULTURAL DIVERSITY CONFERENCE held at __DiverseWorks__ in Houston. The __Guerilla Girls__, an anonymous women's collective, is established to combat sex­ ism and racism in the art world. VIDEO REFUSES opens at the __Lab__ in San Francisco as a protest of the SAN FRAN­ CISCO VIDEO FESTIVAL. VIETNAM AND ITS AFTERMATH opens at __Nexus Art Center__ in Atlanta. THE WELL (WHOLE EARTH 'LECTRONIC LINK), an online telecommunications serv­ ice, begins operations. It hosts ACEN (ARTCOM ELECTRONIC NETWORK) the largest BBS dedicated to art information and issues. After the second day of mass sabotage, 4,000 Jeep workers are sent home in Toledo, OH. The U.S. withdraws from the __World Court__ after that body orders the U.S. to stop its secret war against Nicaragua. JOHN MALPEDE creates the __Los Angeles Poverty Department (LAPD)__, a performance workshop of and for the homeless. Gunshots are fired through the window of __Supreme Court__ Justice HARRY BLACKMUN, principle author of the Roe v. Wade opinion. __ Meatpackers Local P-9 __ strikes the __Hormel__ plant in Austin, MN after Hormel man­ agement asks for employee concessions despite posting record profits. Members of __The Order__, a white supremacist group, are indicted for conspiracy and racketeering charges. 1986  __INSIDE OUT: PHOTOGRAPHS FROM LlERTON,__  __an exhibition of photographs made by prison inmates, is shown at__ Firebird Gallery __in Alexandria, VA. __ __ BRIAN WALLIS  curates DAMAGED GOODS: DESIRE AND THE ECONOMY OF THE OBJECT at  __The New Museum__. Many of the same artists appear in ENDGAME: REF­ ERENCE AND SIMULATION IN RECENT PAINTING AND SCULPTURE, organized by Boston's __Institute of Contemporary Art__.__ __ MIKE ALEWITZ oversees the painting of an anti-management mural on __Meatpackers Local P-9 __headquarters in Austin, MN. It is immediately covered over. __ __ U.S. warplanes bomb Libya. __ __ The __Meese Commission __issues a report linking sexual imagery with sexual behavior and calling for stricter regulations on the distribution and sale of erotic materials.__ __ The __Supreme Court __rules that homosexual relations, even in private between con­ senting adults, are not protected by the CONSTITUTION. __ __ NAAO's UNTITLED conference is held at __Hallwalls __and CEPA in Buffalo. __ __PEL/CULAS: ARCHIVES OF LATIN AMERICAN CONFLICT 1889-1940,__  __a film by DEE DEE HALLECK, PENEE BENDER, and ROBERT SUMMERS, is refused funding by the__ NEA __because it lacks "aesthetic quality."__ Dead Kennedys __ lead singer JELLO BIAFRA is tried for obsenity charges in Los Angeles. JACKIE PRESSER, president of the __Teamsters Union__, admits being an informant for the FBI.__ __ The U.S. government's secret deal to illegally send weapons to Iran in return for the freeing of American hostages is made public. Later it is discovered that profits from this sale were illegally diverted to the __CIA-__backed Contras.__ __ HOWARD GRIFFITH, a 23-year-old African American, is murdered by 12 white youths in Howard Beach, NY. __ __ The __NEA __grants 129 artists' organizations a total of $1,874,500.__ NAAO __receives $20,000.__ __ 198 7  __  SURVEILLANCE  exhibition opens at __LACE__. The catalog includes directions on how to gain access to materials under the Freedom of Information Act. __ AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) __ is organized by LARRY KRAMER in New York City. The group's first demonstration takes place on Wall Street and targets the __Federal Drug Administration__ and __Burroughs Wellcome PhanTlaceuticals__ for the high cost and monopolization of AIr  production. __ Greenpeace __ volunteers cling to the U.S.S. Texas to call attention to the possible pre­ sence of nuclear weapons on the ship.

The __Supreme Court__ rules that any foreign film entering the U.S. that could possibly sway public opinion must carry a "political propaganda" disclaimer. The __Guerilla Girls__ receive the "Susan B. Anthony Award" from the __New York State Chapter of the National Organization of Women__. The UNCENSORED exhibition opens at __Spaces__, Cleveland. The __Guerilla Girls__ organize GUERILLA GIRLS SPEAK BACK TO THE WHITNEY at the __Clocktower__ in New York City. The __Center for Arts Criticism__ is defunded by the __NEA__, ending all direct federal support to critics. The New York Stock Market crashes in a record one-day decline. Washington, DC. THE NAMES PROJECT, a cooperatively constructed quilt com- l FRANK HODSOLL vetoes a project by JENNY HOLZER and others in which electronic bill- boards flashing messages would be stationed in front ofthe White House, the Supreme Court, and the Capitol Building. __ Art Against AIDS __ forms in New York City to raise money for AIDS research. KEITH PIASECZNY and MARILYN ZIMMERMAN organize the __Urban Center for Photogra­__ .Qby in Detroit. They begin DEMOLISHED BY NEGLECT, a project targeting political innaction in Detroit's inner city. SILENCE=DEATH posters, protesting government inaction on the AIDS epidemic, begin to appear in New York City. One hundred five artists' organizations receive a total of $1,793,000 from the __NEA__. __NAAO__ receives $10,000. 1988 __ELIZABETH SISCO, LOUIS HOCK, and DAVID AVALOS create bus posters that read WELCOME TO AMERICA'S RNEST TOURIST PLANTA __ __nON__  __during Super Bowl week in San Diego.__ __ WILLIAM OLANDER offers __The New Museum__'s window space to__ ACT UP__, which pro­ duces an installation titled LET THE RECORD SHOW The artist collective__ Gran Fury __emerges from the project.__ __ The __Center for Constitutional Rights __releases documents that prove the__ FBI __car­ ried out surveillance ofthe__ Committee in Solidarity with the People of EI Salvador (CISPES)__,__ SCLC__, and other groups opposed to the__ Reagan Administration__'s sup­ port of the Contra War in Nicaragua.__ __ Following a debate between Senator JESSE HELMS (R-NC) and Senator EDWARD KEN­ NEDY (D-MA), __Congress __defeats an ammendment calling for restrictions on sexually explicit representations in AID5-education materials issued by the__ Center for Dis­ ease Control (CDC)__.__ __ The __Detroit Council of the Arts __demands the__ Urban Center of Photography __return its $3000 grant on the grounds that the group was "defacing public property"-sta­ piing photographs onto condemned buildings.__ Art Against AIDS __ stages art auctions in New York City and Los Angeles. MICHAEL TIDMUS's BBS artwork HEALTH AND MORALITY: A DESULTORY DIS­ COURSE goes online. __ __ The fifth __NAAO __conference is held at__ LACE__, Los Angeles.__ __ Scriptwriters in the __Writers Guild of America __strike for 22 weeks over residuals and script control.__ Group Material __ produces INSERTS, a collection of one-page projects by artists, and distributes it as an advertising supplement in the NEW YORK TIMES. __ ACT UP __ shuts down the __Federal Drug Administration __in Washington, DC. Later that year they leaflet a Mets game at Shea Stadium with information on condoms.__ Neoists __ stage FESTIVALS OF PLAGIARISM in San Francisco, Madison, WI, and London. __ __ The __FBI __instigates the Library Awareness Program, requesting librarians to monitor li­ brary use and inform the__ FBI __about potential Soviet spies.__ ACT UP __ "zaps" NICHOLAS NIXON's __MoMA __exhibition PICTURES OF PEOPLE for its unsympathetic portrayal of people with AIDS.__ __ The __NEA __demands the return of grant money from RED BASS, a journal based in New Orleans, after it publishes an issue entitled FOR PALESTINE that includes work by NOAN CHOMSKY, SUE COE, EDWARD SAID, and EQBAL AHMED, among others.__ __ The __NEA __grants 105 artists' organizations a total of $1,793,000.__ NAAO __receives $25,000 from the__ NEA __to support a national conference, regional conferences, re­ lated publications, board meetings, and the bi-monthly BULLETIN. __ __ 1989  __ __ Art Strike Committees __ (established in New York  City,  San Francisco, Baltimore, etc.) call for an ART STRIKE, which is to begin in 1990 and last three years. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: THE MISSING LINK, an exhibition of nine African­ American abstract expressionists from the '40s and '50s, opens at the __Jamaica Arts Center__, Queens, NY. ERIC BOGOSIAN's performance piece TALK RADIO becomes the basis for a Hollywood film directed by OLIVER STONE. The __Guerilla Girls__ create poster work for WHAT DOES SHE WANT?, an exhibition of feminist art organized by the __First Bank System's Division of Visual Arts__ using works from the bank's collection. EMILE DE ANTONIO completes MR. HOOVER AND I, a film about his 10,OOO-page file at the FBI. The __Supreme Court__ takes a first step toward overturning Roe v. Wade when it upholds a Missouri law forbidding public facilities and employees from participating in abor­ tion-related activities. The __FBI__ infiltrates __Earth First!__ and arrests four members for attempting to disable electrical transmission lines to Arizona's Palo Verde nuclear power plant. __ Installation Gallery __ commissions HOCK, SISCO, and AVALOS to create a billboard pre­ testing __San Diego City Council__'s refusal to name its new convention center after MARTIN LUTHER KING. The __City Council__ votes to cut __Installation__'s funding from $42,000 to $0, but is forced to back down after an intense public outcry follows the decision. The __Machinists Union__ strikes __Eastem Airlines__. When pilots and flight attendants honor the picket line, __Eastem__ declares bankruptcy under Chapter 11 guidlines. An unsuccessful attempt by __Eastern__ pilots to purchase the airlines follows. The Exxon Valdez runs aground in Prince William Sound, AK, spilling 11 million gal­ lons of crude oil into the bay. The __Guerilla Girls of Houston__ organize ANOTHER DEAD HORSE, an installation at __DiverseWorks__ in which 1,000 toy gorillas portray daily routines.
 * Five hundred thousand participate in the NATIONAL GA Y AND LESBIAN MARCH on || t  ||
 * memorating those dead from AIDS, is displayed. ||, ||

PROMISE OF PROGRESS: DIARY OF A NEIGHBORHOOD opens the new __Aljira__ space in downtown Newark, NJ. The reception features $5 haircuts by master bar­ ber ALI MITCHEL. __ United Mine Workers __ strike __Pittston Coal Co.__ after __Pittston__ demands concessions and refuses to sign an industry-wide contract. The PATHFINDER MURAL is completed in New York City. Captioned "A World without Borders," the mural depicts a group of revolutionary leaders from MARX to MALCOLM X. It is immediately defaced. Veterans' groups protest outside the __School of the Art Institute__ in Chicago over artist DREAD SCOTT's HOW TO DISPLAY AN AMERICAN FLAG, in which an AMERI­ CAN FLAG is laid on the ground. The Illinois legislature reduces grants to the school from $130,000 to $1. The __American Family Association__ calls for the ouster of federal officials responsible for the funding of the exhibit AWARDS IN THE VISUAL ARTS organized by the __South­ eastern Center for Contemporary Art (SECCA)__ because it contains ANDRES SERRANO's photograph PISS CHRIST. __ Randolph Street Gallery __ presents THE WHOLE WORLD IS STILL WATCHING to mark the 20-year anniversary of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Representative DICK ARMEY (R-TX) sends a letter signed by 107 congressmen to the NEA protesting the __SECCA__ grant and the exhibition ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE: THE PERFECT MOMENT, organized by the __Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art__. The __Corcoran Gallery__ cancels the MAPPLETHORPE exhibition, stating that they do not want to adversely affect the __NEA__'s congressional support. Gay-rights activists and artists picket the museum. The sixth __NAAO__ conference is held in Minneapolis. ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE: THE PERFECT MOMENT opens at the __WPA__. Record crowds are reported. __ Art Against AIDS __ organizes ART AGAINST AIDS ON THE ROAD, a public art exhibi­ tion of signs and billboards in San Francisco. The project tours nationally. The __N EA__ appropriations bill passes the __H ous__e--a $45,000 cut (representing the total amount awarded for the __SECCA__ and MAPPLETHORPE shows) is recommended.

Three thousand attend the ANARCHISTS GATHERING in San Francisco. __ACD__ adopts a CULTURAL BILL OF RIGHTS. __ NAAO __ organizes a massive letter-writing campaign in protest over proposed __NEA__ cuts. The __Senate__ adopts an __NEA__ appropriations bill that places a five-year ban on __NEA__ grants to __SECCA__ and the __Philadelphia ICA__, transfers $400,000 in funds from the Visual Arts Program to other categories, and adopts an amendment by Senator JESSE HELMS that bans NEA monies for "obscene or indecent" art. The __Michigan Council for the Arts__ approves a DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES that condemns censorship of the arts. __ Boy With Arms Akimbo __ plasters prints of male nudes by JOEL-PETER WITKIN, MAN RAY, and WILHELM VON GLOEDEN to the columns of the San Francisco Federal Building. San Francisco's __Capp Street Gallery__ hosts BORDER AXES, an alternative infor­ mation network operated by the __Border Arts Workshop(Taller de Arte Fronterizo__. Fax, telephone, wire service, and postal service are employed to link the Latino and Anglo-Saxon communities in cities across the U.S. A compromised version of the __NEA__ appropriations bill passes both the __House__ and __Senate__ with a slightly weaker version of the Helms Amendment banning obscene art. It states: "None of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the __National Endow­ ment for the Arts__ or the __National Endowment for the Humanities__ may be used to promote, disseminate, or produce materials which in the judgement of the __National Endowments__ may be be considered obscene, including but not limited to depictions of sadomasochism, homoeroticism, the sexual exploitation of children, or individuals engaged in sex acts which, when taken as a whole, do not have serious literary, artis­ tic, political, or artistic value." JOHN FROHNMAYER is named chairman of the __NEA__ by President GEORGE BUSH. __Visual Aids__ sponsors A DA Y WITHOUT ART, a national event memorializing those dead of AIDS. __ NEA __ chair FROHNMAYER recommends that __Artists Space__ return __NEA__ monies used for the exhibition WITNESSES: AGAINST OUR VANISHING, which deals with AIDS. Under intense pressure from the arts community, he later changes his mind and re­ instates the grant.

The exhibition A FESTIVAL OF CENSORSHIP is held at __Gallery X__ in Phoenix, AZ. LEONARD BERNSTEIN declines his NATIONAL MEDAL OF ARTS AWARD in protest over the threatened defunding of the WITNESSES exhibition. MARK PASCALE and DAN PETERMAN organize THE END OF THE WEATHER AS WE KNOW ITfor the __Randolph Street Gallery__ in Chicago. In the show, artists NEWTON HARRISON and HELEN MEYER HARRISON, RACHEL GREEN, JNO COOK, and others consider the possibility that the earth's climate could be permanently transformed by en­ vironmental damage. Estimates of homeless people in the U.S. run as high as three million persons. 1990 __The ART STRIKE begins.__ Greyhound __ bus drivers go on strike. When the company hires "permanent replace­ ments" violence ensues. __ __ The U.S. invades Panama. __ __ The __National Campaign for Freedom of Expression__, an artists lobbying group, is founded in Washington, DC. __ Congress __ decides to bail out the failing savings and loan industry costing U.S. tax­ payers billions of dollars. __ __ All __NEA __grants for 1989 restrict grantees from using funds to produce "homoerotic art," etc.__ __ Participants in ARTS ADVOCACY DA Y listen to speakers, lobby congressional dele­ gates, and put on a media show in Washington, DC. __ __ DENNIS BARRIE, director of the __Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center__, is charged with violating obsenity laws when the museum opens the MAPPLETHORPE retrospective.__ __ The __National Assembly of State Arts Agencies __backs down on its initial proposal that 60 percent of__ NEA __funding be redistributed to state art agencies.__ __ The __New School for Social Research __takes the__ NEA __to court to test the constitu­ tionality of its obscenity clause.__ __ Artist DAVID WOJNAROWICZ sues the __American Family Association __for misusing and misrepresenting his work in its anti__-NEA __pamphlets.__ __ On a tip from a photo lab, the __FBI __breaks into photographer JOCK STURGES's home to search for photographs made of friends and their children at a nude beach.__ __ Right-wing editorialists ROWLAND EVANS and ROBERT NOVAK assail the work of perform­ ance artist KAREN RNLEY, resulting in her installation at __Franklin Furnace __being picketed. The New York City Fire Marshall closes the gallery on a technicality.__ __ PAT ROBERTSON's __Christian Coalition __budgets $200,000 for an ad campaign intended to abolish the NEA.__ __ THE DECADE SHOW: FRAMEWORKS OF IDENTITY IN THE 1980S  opens at __The New Museum__, the__ Studio Museum __in Harlem, and the__ Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art__.__ NEA __ chair FROHNMAYER vetoes four individual artist grants-for KAREN RNLEY, TIM MILLER, HOLLY HUGHES, and JOHN A.ECK-on the grounds that their art cannot be judged on artistic merit alone but must be judged within the "political realities." __ Gay/Lesbian March Activists __ call for a boycott of __Chiquita __bananas because the company's major shareholder, the LINDNER family, supports Hamilton County's 01>­  scenity prosecution of the __Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center__.__ __ The __Federal Communications Commission __rules that it will enforce a 24-hour ban on the broadcasting of "indecent" programs by radio and television stations.__ __ Hoping to avoid an __NEA-typ__e showdown with congressional conservatives, the__ CDC __vol­ untarily adopts rules limiting explicit details in federally-funded AIDS-education materials.__ __ A federal prosecutor in Portland, MA confiscates a photograph by WALTER CHAPPELL that shows the artist naked and holding his infant son next to his erect penis. __ __ IN MEMORIAM,  a window painting by CARLOS GUTIERREZ-SOLANA, is ordered covered over by Richmond, VA's commonwealth attorney. __1708 East Main Gallery __decides to fight the order.__ __ The __House __votes 297-123 to penalize the__ University of the District of Columbia __$1.6 million, the amount the university used to install JUDY CHICAGO's THE DINNER PARTY. __ __ After a court challenge by several newspapers, __NEA __chair FROHNMAYER opens the__ National Council on the Arts __grant review meeting to the public for the first time in__ NEA __history. The council recommends that chairman FROHNMAYER stop requiring__ NEA­__ funded artists to sign anti-obscenity oaths.